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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of Chinese plaster containing rhubarb and mirabilite on surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with cesarean delivery (CD) by performing a randomized controlled trial.@*METHODS@#This randomized controlled trial included 560 patients with CD due to fetal head descent enrolled at a tertiary teaching center between December 31, 2018 and October 31, 2021. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to a Chinese medicine (CM) group (280 cases) or a placebo group (280 cases) by a random number table, and were treated with CM plaster (made by rhubarb and mirabilite) or a placebo plaster, respectively. Both courses of treatment lasted from the day 1 of CD, followed day 2 until discharge. The primary outcome was the total number of patients with superficial, deep and organ/space SSI. The secondary outcome was duration of postoperative hospital stay, antibiotic intake, and unplanned readmission or reoperation due to SSI. All reported efficacy and safety outcomes were confirmed by a central adjudication committee that was unaware of the study-group assignments.@*RESULTS@#During the recovery process after CD, the rates of localized swelling, redness and heat were significantly lower in the CM group than in the placebo group [7.55% (20/265) vs. 17.21% (47/274), P<0.01]. The durution of postoperative antibiotic intake was shorter in the CM group than in the placebo group (P<0.01). The duration of postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the CM group than in the placebo group (5.49 ± 2.68 days vs. 8.96 ± 2.35 days, P<0.01). The rate of postoperative C-reactive protein elevation (≽100 mg/L) was lower in the CM group than in the placebo group [27.6% (73/265) vs. 43.8% (120/274), P<0.01]. However, there was no difference in purulent drainage rate from incision and superficial opening of incision between the two groups. No intestinal reactions and skin allergies were found in the CM group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#CM plaster containing rhubarb and mirabilite had an effect on SSI. It is safe for mothers and imposes lower economic and mental burdens on patients undergoing CD. (Registration No. ChiCTR2100054626).
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Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Surgical Wound Infection/etiology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cesarean Section/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The natural forest and artificial shed are the main cropping modes of Coptis chinensis. This study is aimed to reveal the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure difference between under tow C. chinensis cropping modes-natural forest and artificial shed, and to assist us to completely understand soil quality condition,and provide theoretical guidance for soil improvement and C. chinensis planting. The rhizosphere soil samples of 1-5-year-old C. chinensis under tow cropping modes-natural forest and artificial shed were collected. Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the alpha diversity, community composition, community structure of soil bacteria under the tow cropping modes,and the effects of soil nutriment indices on soil bacterial community structure. Through the analysis of species number, Shannon, Chao1 index and ACE index of bacterial community, it was found that the bacterial diversity of 1-year-old C. chinensis soil under natural forest cropping mode was significantly lower than that under artificial shed cropping mode, and the diversity of bacterial communities in soil of 2-5-years old C. chinensis were not significant different between two cropping modes. A total of 53 phyla,60 classes,140 orders and 266 families were detected in the rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis under the cropping modes of natural forest, respectively. The rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis under the cropping modes of artificial shed included 54 phyla,65 classes,140 orders and 264 families, respectively. Under the two cropping modes, the top 10 dominant species of bacterial community abundance are the same, they are Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria, but there are differences in the abundance sequence. The top 10 dominant species of bacterial community abundance accounted for 74.36% to 74.30% of the total bacteria, and 3.15% to 3.92% of the bacteria are unclassified. The results of Metastat analysis showed that the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes in the rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis under the cropping modes the artificial shed was significantly higher than that under the natural forest cropping mode(P<0.05). MRPP analysis of community structure differences showed that under tow cropping modes, there were significant differences in the bacterial community structure of 1-4-year-old soil bacteria, among which the difference between 1-year-old soil samples was the largest. With the increase of cropping years, the difference gradually decreases, and there is no significant difference in the bacterial community structure between 5-year-old soil samples. RDA analysis and correlation analysis of bacterial community structure and soil physical and chemical properties showed that the order of environmental factors on the rhizosphere soil bacteria of Coptis chinensis was: pH>available P> total P> total K>bulk density>total N>available N>organic matter. The results are helpful to understand the soil health of C. chinensis and provide scientific basis and theoretical guidance for soil improvement and C. chinensis planting.
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Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Coptis , Forests , Rhizosphere , Soil , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effect of melodic intonation therapy combined with speech training on nonfluent aphasia after stroke, and the changes of brain function. Methods:From March, 2017 to August, 2019, 40 patients with nonfluent aphasia after stroke were randomly divided into control group (n = 20) and intensive group (n = 20). Both groups accepted routine speech training, and the intensive group accepted melodic intonation therapy in addition. They were assessed with China Rehabilitation Research Center Chinese Standard Aphasia Examination before and four weeks after treatment. Three patients from each group were examined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe the changes of regional homogeneity (ReHo) of cerebral hemisphere. Results:The scores of comprehension (noun, verb and sentence), repetition (noun and verb), read (noun) and naming (verb) increased in the control group (t > 2.221, P < 0.05), while it increased in comprehension (noun, verb and sentence), repetition (noun, verb and sentence), reading (noun and verb) and naming (noun and verb) in the intensive group (t > 2.179, P < 0.05). The scores of repetition (noun and verb) increased more in the intensive group than in the control group (t > 2.299, P < 0.05)， and the scores of reading (sentence) increased somehow. The ReHo in left cerebellum and temporal occipital area increased and the ReHo in bilateral frontal and temporal cortex decreased after treatment. Conclusion:Melodic intonation therapy based on speech therapy can promote the recovery of speech function for patients with nonfluent aphasia after stroke, especially in sentence reading and words repetition. The changes of the ReHo in resting state may associate with the neurological repairment after brain injury.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cadmium (Cd) exposure in vivo and in vitro on duodenal epithelial cells in mice and the mechanism. METHODS In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were ig administered with CdCI210 mg-kg" once per day for 30 d to establish a chronic cadmium poisoning model, or were ig administered with a single dose of CdCh 80 mg • kg-1 to establish an acute cadmium poisoning model before the survival status and survival rate of mice were observed. Duodenal epithelial cells of acute and chronic cadmium poisoning mice were isolated and cultured. The cells were identified as epithelial cells by E-cadherin immunofluorescence. Then, the content of cadmium ion in duodenal epithelial cells was detected by confocal laser microscopy. In vitro, duodenal epithelial cells of normal C57BL/6 mice were isolated and cultured, and incubated with CdCI2 2.5-100 pmol-L-1 for 24 h. CellTiter-Blue was used to detect cell viability. Subsequently, the duodenal epithelial cells of normal mice were incubated with CdCI215 Mmol • L-1 for 24 h, and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Then, the duodenal epithelial cells of normal C57BL76 mice were incubated with CdCI230 Mmol-L'1 for 3-12 h and the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the activities of mice with chronic cadmium poisoning were all normal. The mice with acute cadmium poisoning showed depression, less food intake and death. At the 5th day of acute cadmium exposure, the survival rate of mice decreased to 40%. The content of cadmium ion in duodenal epithelial cells of acute and chronic cadmium poisoning mice increased significantly (F<0.01). Furthermore, CdCI2 inhibited the viability of duodenal epithelial cells cultured in vitro and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was (24.55±0.84) pmol-L-1. Compared with the control group, CdCI2 blocked the cell cycle of duodenal epithelial cells at Go/G, phase (P<0.05), and the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 in duodenal epithelial cells was significantly increased after CdCI2 treatment for 6, 9 and 12 h (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Cadmium that enters the body through the digestive tract can be absorbed by duodenal epithelial cells and cause damage to the cells. The mechanism of cadmium-induced damage may be related to cell cycle arrest and caspase 3-mediated apoptosis.
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@#【Objective】To explore the characteristics of social cognitive impairment in patients with stable schizophrenia ，and to analyze the influencing factors to provide a clinical coping strategy for improving the social cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia.【Methods】Firstly，both 158 stable schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls took the test of MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery （MCCB） and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale （BPRS）. General demographic information and clinical data of subjects were collected using questionnaire. Then ，the overall cognitive function and social cognitive function between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls were compared to explore the related factors affecting the social cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia.【Results】①Overall MCCB score and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test（MSCEIT）factor score of schizophrenia patients with stable period were significantly lower than those of healthy control group（P < 0.05）；②The social cognitive function of schizophrenia patients was significantly correlated with gender，age，hostile suspicion，continuous performance and category fluency （P < 0.05）. 【Conclusions】 Compared with the healthy control group ，schizophrenia patients with stable period have impairment of social cognitive function ，and significant impairment of overall cognitive function. The social cognitive function of schizophrenia patients with stable period is significantly affected by gender ，age ，hostility suspicion ，and neurocognitive function（attention and information processing speed）.
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In the etiology study of epidemiology, selection bias will lead to the fact that the research sample cannot represent the general population, the association between exposure and outcome among those selected for analysis differs from the association among those eligible, and the true causal association cannot be inferred. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) could visualize complex causality, introduce the Collider-stratification bias using simple graphics language, provide a simple and intuitive way to identify Selection bias, different types of selection bias are verified by the graphic structure of the Collider-stratification bias. In practical studies, there may be multiple biases at the same time, improper adjustment of the collider will lead to Collider-stratification bias, open a backdoor path, even change the size and direction of the confounding bias. In order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the exposure to the outcome, it is necessary to identify the collider and avoid the adjustment to prevent the occurrence of Collider-stratification bias by using DAGs.
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Four controversial types of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture and their possible meanings were summarized to explore several key elements of reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture, in addition, the simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture was classified by single factor. It is concluded that the definition of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture should try not to include other non-manipulative elements. According to single factor, it can be divided into: needle-oriented reinforcing-reducing manipulation, twisting reinforcing-reducing manipulation, lifting and interpolating reinforcing-reducing manipulation, fast and slow reinforcing-reducing manipulation, breathing reinforcing-reducing manipulation, opening and closing reinforcing-reducing manipulation. In addition, after considering the effect and principle of number reinforcing-reducing manipulation, it can be considered.
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Humans , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Methods , Meridians , NeedlesABSTRACT
The endophytic fungi from root, main stem, branch and leaf of Scrophularia ningpoensis were isolated and identified from Wulong and Chongqing, and the population diversity analysis and phylogenetic analysis were followed. The result indicated that, as to population diversity index, S. ningpoensis from Wulong： leaf>main stem=branch>root, branch from Chongqing>branch from Wulong. Fifty-eight endophytic fungi were obtained, most of which were the pathogens of the plant. Colletotrichum was the prevailing genus, of which C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense were the prevailing strains. Leaf and seedlings might be the main path of infection. Endophytic fungi and pathogen might convert to each other, influenced by such factors as environment, genotype et al.
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Isaria farinosa is the pathogen of the host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The present research has analyzed the progress on the molecular biology according to the bibliometrics, the sequences (including the gene sequences) of I. farinosa in the NCBI. The results indicated that different country had published different number of the papers, and had landed different kinds and different number of the sequences (including the gene sequences). China had published the most number of the papers, and had landed the most number of the sequences (including the gene sequences). America had landed the most numbers of the function genes. The main content about the pathogen study was focus on the biological controlling. The main content about the molecular study concentrated on the phylogenies classification. In recent years some protease genes and chitinase genes had been researched. With the increase of the effect on the healthy of O. sinensis, and the whole sequence and more and more pharmacological activities of I. farinosa being made known to the public, the study on the molecular biology of the I. farinosa would be deeper and wider.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of kinetin (Kn) on immunity and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in vitro of aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal). Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, aging model group, Kn low dose group, Kn middle dose group and Kn high dose group. The aging model group was proposed by napes subcutaneous injection of D-gal (125 mg/kg) for 45 d, and anti-aging groups were intragastrically administered with 5, 10, 20 mg/kg of Kn respectively from day 11. IgG, IgA, IgM contents of serum, the apoptosis percentage, stimulation index (SI) and proliferation index (PI) of splenic lymphocyte in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that the apoptosis percentage of splenic lymphocyte in aging model rats was higher, the serum IgG, IgA and IgM contents, SI and PI were lower than control group. Kn significantly decreased the apoptosis percentage of splenic lymphocyte, while increased the serum IgG, IgA and IgM contents, SI and PI in aging model group. These results suggest that Kn could inhibit the apoptosis, while promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocyte, and then effectively enhance the immune power of the aging rats and slow down the aging process.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Aging , Allergy and Immunology , Antibodies , Blood , Apoptosis , Cell Proliferation , Galactose , Kinetin , Pharmacology , Lymphocytes , Cell Biology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spleen , Cell BiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of 3 nanomaterials, i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), on zebrafish embryos.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 2-h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to MWCNTs, GO, and RGO at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 mg/L) for 96 h. Afterwards, the effects of the 3 nanomateria on spontaneous movement, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformations ls were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Statistical analysis indicated that RGO significantly inhibited the hatching of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, RGO and MWCNTs decreased the length of the hatched larvae at 96 hpf. No obvious morphological malformation or mortality was observed in the zebrafish embryos after exposure to the three nanomaterials.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MWCNTs, GO, and RGO were all toxic to zebrafish embryos to influence embryos hatching and larvae length. Although no obvious morphological malformation and mortality were observed in exposed zebrafish embryos, further studies on the toxicity of the three nanomaterials are still needed.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Embryo, Nonmammalian , Embryonic Development , Graphite , Toxicity , Heart Rate , Movement , Nanotubes, Carbon , Toxicity , Oxides , Toxicity , Toxicity Tests , ZebrafishABSTRACT
Asoprisnil, a member of the selective progesterone receptor modulators, exerts high progesterone receptor selectivity, endometrial targeted advantages and significant anti-implantation effect in rats. The purpose of this study was to confirm the anti-implantation effect of asoprisil, investigate the ultrastructural changes of the peri-implantation endometrium in mice and explore the effect of asoprisnil on endometrial receptivity and its targeted contraceptive proficiency. Post-coitus mice were administered with different dosages (0.2, 0.1, 0.05 mg·g(-1)·day(-1)) of asoprisnil from day 1 of pregnancy to day 3. Then 3 animals in each group were killed on day 5 of pregnancy, and uteri were collected to examine the ultrastructural changes of endometria under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A total of 80 animals were sacrificed on day 8 of pregnancy, and the uterine horns were examined for the presence or absence of nidation sites and the number of implantation embryos. The results showed that the implantation rate and the average number of implantation embryos in asoprisnil groups were statistically significantly decreased as compared with the vehicle control group (P<0.05). The TEM results revealed that, in vehicle control group, the tight junction between the luminal epithelia cells was short and straight, the gap was wide; the luminal epithelia cells were covered with plenty of short, clavate and neatly arranged microvilli; the endometril stromal cells were large with plenty of cytoplasm, and showed significant decidual change; there was more than one nucleus in stromal cells, and the karyotheca was integrity. In low dosage and high dosage asoprisnil groups, the tight junction was longer and more curve than in the vehicle control group; microvilli were uneven and asymmetrically distributed in luminal epithelia; the stromal cells were small and the decidual change was not significant; there were karyopyknosis and karyolysis in stromal cells; there were abnormal thick-wall vessels in the endometrium. It was suggested that asoprisnil changed the ultrastructure of the endometrium in implantation window, disturbed the endometrial receptivity and finally resulted in embryo implantation failure.
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Objective To investigate the role of regulatory T cells for long-lasting effect of the sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) in children with allergic asthma caused by dermatophagoides farinae.Methods Sixty children with mild allergic asthma who showed positive skin reaction to dermatophagoides allergen skin test were selected and randomly divided into SLIT group and non-SLIT group.The non-SLIT group received drug therapy only,while the SLIT group received sublingual dermatophagoides farina agent besides drug therapy.The mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood,the regulatory T cells induced by dermatophagoides farinae stimulator in 2 groups were determined by flow cytometry,as well as the levels of the serum IgE in the blood with specific dermatophagoides farina before treatment,1 year after treatment,at the end of treatment,and 1 year after treatment.Results The levels of regulatory T cells in the SLIT group were increased,with the treatment of specific immunotherapy it increased further and reached the peak after oneyear treatment and the peak level maintained after one year of treatment,which was not significantly different in the levels of regulatory T cells at the same period of time in the non-SLIT group (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the non-SLIT group,the level of serum IgE had no significant differences between 2 groups before and after treatment (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion SLIT may induce immune tolerance by up-regulating inductive regulatory T cells,which may be involved in therapeutic mechanisms of the SLIT in the patients with allergic asthma caused by dust mites.
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Asoprisnil, a member of the selective progesterone receptor modulators, exerts high progesterone receptor selectivity, endometrial targeted advantages and significant anti-implantation effect in rats. The purpose of this study was to confirm the anti-implantation effect of asoprisil, investigate the ultrastructural changes of the peri-implantation endometrium in mice and explore the effect of asoprisnil on endometrial receptivity and its targeted contraceptive proficiency. Post-coitus mice were administered with different dosages (0.2, 0.1, 0.05 mg·g(-1)·day(-1)) of asoprisnil from day 1 of pregnancy to day 3. Then 3 animals in each group were killed on day 5 of pregnancy, and uteri were collected to examine the ultrastructural changes of endometria under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A total of 80 animals were sacrificed on day 8 of pregnancy, and the uterine horns were examined for the presence or absence of nidation sites and the number of implantation embryos. The results showed that the implantation rate and the average number of implantation embryos in asoprisnil groups were statistically significantly decreased as compared with the vehicle control group (P<0.05). The TEM results revealed that, in vehicle control group, the tight junction between the luminal epithelia cells was short and straight, the gap was wide; the luminal epithelia cells were covered with plenty of short, clavate and neatly arranged microvilli; the endometril stromal cells were large with plenty of cytoplasm, and showed significant decidual change; there was more than one nucleus in stromal cells, and the karyotheca was integrity. In low dosage and high dosage asoprisnil groups, the tight junction was longer and more curve than in the vehicle control group; microvilli were uneven and asymmetrically distributed in luminal epithelia; the stromal cells were small and the decidual change was not significant; there were karyopyknosis and karyolysis in stromal cells; there were abnormal thick-wall vessels in the endometrium. It was suggested that asoprisnil changed the ultrastructure of the endometrium in implantation window, disturbed the endometrial receptivity and finally resulted in embryo implantation failure.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Pregnancy , Contraception, Postcoital , Methods , Embryo Implantation, Delayed , Physiology , Endometrium , Physiology , Estrenes , Oximes , Oxytocics , Pregnancy, Animal , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out the more efficient induction method through investigating the expansion efficiencies of HIV-infected patients' Vdelta2 T cells induced by zoledronic acid (Zol) or gammadelta TCR monoclonal antibody (mAb).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>38 healthy control subjects (HC group) and 65 HIV infected patients (HIV group) were enrolled in this research. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of individuals were stimulated by Zol or gammadelta TCR mAb respectively for 14 days at 2.0 x 10(7) cells/ well, and then gammadelta T cells and Vdelta2 subsets frequencies were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) on 0, 7 and 14 day. The absolute numbers of Vdelta2 T cells were calculated and the Vdelta2 T cell expansion efficiencies by these two methods were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The absolute numbers and frequencies of Vdelta2 T cell of HIV groups were lower than those of HC groups significantly on 0 day. After 14 days, the frequencies of Vdelta2 T cell of HIV group and HC group were(17.6 +/- 19.8)% and(64.3 +/- 4.5)% respectively, and the expansion indexes of Vdelta2 T cell were 54 +/- 40 and 74 +/- 29 respectively by induction of gammadelta TCR mAb. However, the frequencies of Vgammadelta2 T cell of HIV group and HC group were (69.6 +/- 21.2)% and (97.3 +/- 1.7)% respectively, and the Vgammadelta2 T cell expansion indexes were 538 +/- 11 and 5984 +/- 721 respectively by induction of Zol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Zol could induce the vast expansion of Vgammadelta2 T cells of HIV infected patients. The expansion efficiency by Zol was better than that by the gammadelta TCR mAb.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Pharmacology , Case-Control Studies , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Diphosphonates , Pharmacology , Flow Cytometry , HIV Infections , Allergy and Immunology , Virology , Imidazoles , Pharmacology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Allergy and Immunology , Lymphocyte Count , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta , Allergy and Immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets , Cell BiologyABSTRACT
Objective To clone the alliinase gene from the garlic bulb and construct the eukaryote expression plasmid for expressing the recombinant alliinase in Pichia pastoris system and analyzing its bioactivity. Metheds The alliinase gene was cloned from the Zhejiang garlic bulb by RT-PCR and the eukaryote expression plasmid of alliinase was constructed with the pPIczαC vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33 by eletroporation. The positive clones were screened and were induced by methanol. Supernatants after induction were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The activities of the recombinant protein and the extracted alliinase were detected by the pyruvic acid method and compared by specific activity. The contents of the two kinds of alliinase were detected by Lowry method. Results The alliinase gene was successfully cloned from the garlic bulb, the length of alliinase gene was 1 500 bp, the molecule of the recombinant alliinase was about 5.5 × 104, existed in the supernatant of Pichia pastoris. The specific activity of the recombinant protein was (82.09 ± 3.89) U/mg and the nature alliinase was (176.49 ± 5.06) U/mg. Conlusion The alliinase gene is successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris system. The recombinant alliinase has the activity of enzyme, but is lower than that of the extracted alliinase.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) and TRAF6 in CD40-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway and whether CD40 signaling requires TRAF2.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human B cell lines were transfected with plasmids expressing wild type TRAF2 or dominant negative TRAF2, TRAF2-shRNA, or TRAF6-shRNA. The activation of NF-kappaB was detected by Western blot, kinase assay, transfactor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Analysis of the role of TRAF-2 and TRAF-6 in CD40-mediated NF-kappaB activity was examined following stimulation with recombinant CD154.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TRAF2 induced activity of IkappaB-kinases (IKKalpha, IKKi/epsilon), phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, as well as nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65/RelA. In contrast, TRAF6 strongly induced NF-kappaB activation and nuclear translocation of p65 as well as p50 and c-Rel. Engagement of CD154-induced nuclear translocation of p65 was inhibited by a TRAF6-shRNA, but conversely was enhanced by a TRAF2-shRNA. Examination of direct interactions between CD40 and TRAFs by FRET documented that both TRAF2 and TRAF6 directly interacted with CD40. However, the two TRAFs competed for CD40 binding.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These results indicate that TRAF2 can signal in human B cells, but it is not essential for CD40-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Moreover, TRAF2 can compete with TRAF6 for CD40 binding, and thereby limit the capacity of CD40 engagement to induce NF-kappaB activation.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , B-Lymphocytes , Cell Biology , Physiology , CD40 Antigens , Metabolism , Cell Line , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases , Metabolism , Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer , I-kappa B Kinase , Metabolism , NF-kappa B , Genetics , Metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos , Metabolism , Signal Transduction , Physiology , TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 , Genetics , Metabolism , TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 , Genetics , Metabolism , Transcription Factor RelA , Metabolism , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>UNLABELLED</b>To study the effects of the integrated pest control techniques on growth of host larvae of Cordyceps sinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The integrated pest control techniques were compared with conventional techniques to evaluate the effects on growth of host larvae.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The results showed that the techniques had broken the balance of the microbial living in the material, produced effective inhibition on the pests, raised the survival rate and promoted the growth of the host larvae at the same time.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Cordyceps , Physiology , Larva , Microbiology , Moths , Microbiology , Pest Control, Biological , MethodsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Tongxinluo ultramicro-pulverization (TXLU) on experimental myocardial infarction and platelet aggregation of rats, investigate its mechanisms on ischemia heart disease and offer a reference to clinical usage.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Rats were separated randomly into 7 groups: sham, model, diltiazem (0.15 mg x kg(-1)), TXL(1.2 g x kg(-1)), TXLU (1.2, 0.6, 0.3 g x kg(-1)). The experimental myocardial infarction was induced with ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary of rats. The infarction size was determined after myocardium tissue was stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). And the serum of rats was separated to analyze CK, LDH, SOD, MDA. Another 60 rats were separated randomly into 6 groups: control, aspirin (0.15 mg x kg(-1)), TXL (1.2 g x kg(-1)), TXLU (1.2 ,0.6,0.3 g x kg(-1)). The rat platelet aggregation was induced with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen to observe the inhibitory effects of TXLU.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>TXLU could relieve the myocardial infarction size and weight stained with TTC significantly, the myocardial infarction size of the three groups of TXLU were (2.7 +/- 2.1)%, (3.4 +/- 1.2)%, (2.8 +/- 1.8)%, compared with model group (8.9 +/- 5.9)%, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01. The myocardial infarction weight of the three groups of TXLU were (8.4 +/- 3.5)%, (8.7 +/- 4.1)%, (9.7 +/- 4.1)%, compared with model group (l2.2 +/- 3.6)% P < 0.05 or P < 0. 01. And the content of MDA and the activities of CK and LDH in rats subjected with ligation of coronary artery were inhibited obviously too, compared with model group P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, then the activity of SOD increased. TXLU could inhibit the maximum percentage of rats platelet aggregation induced with ADP and collagen, the maximum percentage of platelet aggregation induced with ADP were (26.9 +/- 9.2)%, (24.4 +/- 13.4)%, (30.6 +/- 12.2)%, compared with control group (44.3 +/- 15. 7)% P < 0.05 or P < 0.01; The maximum percentage of platelet aggregation induced with collagen were (33.8 +/- 6.9)%, (32.1 +/- 8.3)%, (41.5 +/- 7.8)%, compared with control group (49.2 +/- 15.9)%, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The experiment results indicated that TXLU could protect myocardial tissue of rats from ischemic injury and the mechanism may be related with antioxidation and inhibiting platelet aggregation, and the results also suggested TXLU could lower clinical dosage.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Adenosine Diphosphate , Pharmacology , Aspirin , Pharmacology , Diltiazem , Pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Methods , Myocardial Infarction , Blood , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Platelet Aggregation , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tetrazolium Salts , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the possibility of creating a rat new scar model by inserting gelatin sponge into rat excisional wounds.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two full-thickness wounds were created in each of total 49 SD rats. In the Experimental group (n = 19), a regular incisional wound (1 cm) was created on the left side, and an excisional wound of 1.0 cm x 0.2 cm was created on the right side with a gelatin sponge inserted. In control 1 group (n = 15), an excisional wound with sponge insertion was created on both sides of rats. In control 2 group (n = 15), two excisional wounds were created on both sides, and only one side wounds were inserted with a sponge. Animals were sacrificed at various time points for different examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The wound/scar width increased 4 - 11 times in inserted wounds than in regular incisional wounds (P < 0.01), with an obvious delay of epithelialization. No difference in wound/scar width was found in both sides of wounds of control 1 group at various locations. In contrast to the linear scar of sponge-inserted wounds, contracted and irregular scar was found in non-inserted wounds of control 2 group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Gelatin sponge insertion can create a thick linear scar in rat wounds, and thus provides a new model for scar research.</p>